November 12, 2024

Single-use Bioreactors Market Size to Grow US$ 18.43 Billion By 2030

The global single-use bioreactors market size was valued at US$ 3.95 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to grow US$ 18.43 billion by 2030, registering a compound annual growth rate of 18.67% from 2022 to 2030.

Single-use Bioreactors Market Size 2022 To 2030

The single-use bioreactors market report covering various industry elements and growth trends helpful for predicting the market’s future.

The study provides a strong base for the single-use bioreactors market to be segmented into different segments. In fact, the study also covers the maximum market share during the assessment period by 2030.

This study is based on the partners that are highly competitive, key players as well as their market revenue in the forecast years of 2022 to 2030. There is also a strong focus on product revenues, sales, product categories and even the products that are experiencing the most traction. In this manner, the single-use bioreactors report also speaks about the effectiveness of this market along with its growth during the forecast period of 2030. Other major attributes of the single-use bioreactors market have been studied and analysed across many developments.

Single-use Bioreactors Market Report Scope

Report Coverage Details
Market Size in 2022 USD 4.69 Billion
Market Size by 2030 USD 18.43 Billion
Growth Rate from 2022 to 2030 CAGR of 18.67%
Largest Market North America
Fastest Growing Market Asia Pacific
Base Year 2021
Forecast Period 2022 to 2030
Segments Covered
  • By Product
  • By Type
  • By Type of Cell
  • By Molecule Type
  • By Application
  • By End-Use
  • By Usage Type

Also read: Alumina Market Size to Grow US$ 72 Billion By 2030

Research Approach

The comprehensive report on the global single-use bioreactors market begins with an overview, followed by the scope and objectives of the study. The report provides detailed explanation of the objectives behind this study and key vendors and distributors operating in the market and regulatory scenario for approval of products. Following this, the report provides detailed explanation of objectives of this study and laid down by accredited agencies in the purview of research in the global single-use bioreactors market.

It is followed by market introduction, market dynamics, and an overview of the global market, which includes analysis of market drivers, restraints, and trends pertaining to the global market. Furthermore, Y-o-Y growth analysis with elaborated insights has been provided in order to understand the Y-o-Y growth trend of the global market.

For reading comprehensibility, the report has been compiled in a chapter-wise layout, with each section divided into smaller sections. The report comprises an exhaustive collection of graphs and tables that are appropriately interspersed. Pictorial representation of actual and projected values of key segments is visually appealing to readers. This also allows comparison of the market shares of key segments in the past and at the end of the forecast period.

Key Players 

  • ABEC Inc.
  • Able Corporation & Biott Corporation (Japan)
  • Applikon Biotechnology B.V.
  • Aptus bioreactors.
  • Cell culture company
  • Cellexus Ltd
  • Celltainer Biotech BV (Netherlands)
  • CESCO Bioengineering Co., Ltd.
  • Danaher Corporation
  • Distek Inc. (US)
  • ENDEL ENGIE
  • Eppendorf AG (Germany)
  • G&G Technologies Inc. (Australia)
  • GE Healthcare
  • Getinge AB (Sweden)
  • GPC Bio
  • Infors AG.
  • Meissner Filtration Products Inc.
  • Merck KgaA (Germany)
  • New Horizon Biotechnology Inc.
  • OmniBRx Biotechnologies
  • Pall Corporation
  • Parker-Hannifin Corporation,
  • PBS Biotech Inc. (US)
  • Pierre Guerin Technologies
  • Sartorius Stedim Biotech (Germany)
  • Satake Chemical Equipment Mfg., Ltd. (Japan)
  • Solaris Biotechnology SRL
  • Solida Biotech GmbH (Germany)
  • Stobbe Pharma GmbH (Germany)
  • Thermo Fisher Scientific (US)

Single-use Bioreactors Market Segmentations

By Product 

  • Single-use Bioreactor Systems
    • Up to 10L
    • 11-100L
    • 101-500L
    • 501-1500L
    • Above 1500L
  • Single-use Media Bags
    • 2D Bags
    • 3D Bags
    • Others
  • Single-use Filtration Assemblies
  • Other Products

By Type

  • Stirred-tank SUBs
  • Bubble-column SUBs
  • Wave-induced SUBs
  • Other SUBs

By Type of Cell

  • Mammalian Cells
  • Yeast Cells
  • Bacterial Cells
  • Others

By Molecule Type

  • Monoclonal Antibodies
  • Vaccines
  • Stem Cells
  • Gene Modified Cells
  • Others

By Application

  • Research and Development (R&D) or Process Development
  • Bioproduction

By End-Use

  • CROs & CMOs
  • Pharmaceutical & Biopharmaceutical Companies
  • Academic & Research Institutes

By Usage Type

  • Pilot-scale Production
  • Lab-scale Production
  • Large-scale Production

By Geography

  • North America
  • Europe
  • Asia-Pacific
  • Latin America
  • Middle East & Africa (MEA)

TABLE OF CONTENT

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. Research Objective

1.2. Scope of the Study

1.3. Definition

Chapter 2. Research Methodology

2.1. Research Approach

2.2. Data Sources

2.3. Assumptions & Limitations

Chapter 3. Executive Summary

3.1. Market Snapshot

Chapter 4. Market Variables and Scope 

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Market Classification and Scope

4.3. Industry Value Chain Analysis

4.3.1. Raw Material Procurement Analysis

4.3.2. Sales and Distribution Channel Analysis

4.3.3. Downstream Buyer Analysis

Chapter 5. Market Dynamics Analysis and Trends

5.1. Market Dynamics

5.1.1. Market Drivers

5.1.2. Market Restraints

5.1.3. Market Opportunities

5.2. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis

5.2.1. Bargaining power of suppliers

5.2.2. Bargaining power of buyers

5.2.3. Threat of substitute

5.2.4. Threat of new entrants

5.2.5. Degree of competition

Chapter 6. Competitive Landscape

6.1.1. Company Market Share/Positioning Analysis

6.1.2. Key Strategies Adopted by Players

6.1.3. Vendor Landscape

6.1.3.1. List of Suppliers

6.1.3.2. List of Buyers

Chapter 7. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By Product

7.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by Product, 2022-2030

7.1.1. Single-use Bioreactor Systems

7.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

7.1.2. Single-use Media Bags

7.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

7.1.3. Single-use Filtration Assemblies

7.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

7.1.4. Other Products

7.1.4.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 8. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By Type

8.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by Type, 2022-2030

8.1.1. Stirred-tank SUBs

8.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

8.1.2. Bubble-column SUBs

8.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

8.1.3. Wave-induced SUBs

8.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

8.1.4. Other SUBs

8.1.4.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 9. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By Type of Cell

9.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by Type of Cell, 2022-2030

9.1.1. Mammalian Cells

9.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

9.1.2. Yeast Cells

9.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

9.1.3. Bacterial Cells

9.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

9.1.4. Others

9.1.4.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 10. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By Molecule Type

10.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by Molecule Type, 2022-2030

10.1.1. Monoclonal Antibodies

10.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

10.1.2. Vaccines

10.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

10.1.3. Stem Cells

10.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

10.1.4. Gene Modified Cells

10.1.4.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

10.1.5. Others

10.1.5.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 11. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By Application

11.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by Application, 2022-2030

11.1.1. Research and Development (R&D) or Process Development

11.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

11.1.2. Bioproduction

11.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 12. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By End-Use

12.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by End-Use, 2022-2030

12.1.1. CROs & CMOs

12.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

12.1.2. Pharmaceutical & Biopharmaceutical Companies

12.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

12.1.3. Academic & Research Institutes

12.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 13. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, By Usage Type

13.1. Single-use Bioreactors Market, by Usage Type, 2022-2030

13.1.1. Pilot-scale Production

13.1.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

13.1.2. Lab-scale Production

13.1.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

13.1.3. Large-scale Production

13.1.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast (2017-2030)

Chapter 14. Global Single-use Bioreactors Market, Regional Estimates and Trend Forecast

14.1. North America

14.1.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.1.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.1.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.1.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.1.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.1.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.1.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.1.8. U.S.

14.1.8.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.1.8.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.1.8.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.1.8.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.1.8.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.1.8.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.1.8.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.1.9. Rest of North America

14.1.9.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.1.9.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.1.9.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.1.9.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.1.9.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.1.9.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.1.9.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.2. Europe

14.2.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.2.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.2.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.2.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.2.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.2.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.2.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.2.8. UK

14.2.8.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.2.8.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.2.8.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.2.8.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.2.8.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.2.8.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.2.8.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.2.9. Germany

14.2.9.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.2.9.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.2.9.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.2.9.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.2.9.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.2.9.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.2.9.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.2.10. France

14.2.10.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.2.10.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.2.10.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.2.10.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.2.10.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.2.10.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.2.10.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.2.11. Rest of Europe

14.2.11.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.2.11.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.2.11.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.2.11.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.2.11.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.2.11.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.2.11.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.3. APAC

14.3.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.3.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.3.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.3.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.3.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.3.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.3.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.3.8. India

14.3.8.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.3.8.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.3.8.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.3.8.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.3.8.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.3.8.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.3.8.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.3.9. China

14.3.9.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.3.9.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.3.9.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.3.9.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.3.9.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.3.9.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.3.9.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.3.10. Japan

14.3.10.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.3.10.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.3.10.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.3.10.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.3.10.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.3.10.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.3.10.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.3.11. Rest of APAC

14.3.11.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.3.11.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.3.11.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.3.11.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.3.11.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.3.11.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.3.11.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.4. MEA

14.4.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.4.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.4.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.4.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.4.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.4.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.4.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.4.8. GCC

14.4.8.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.4.8.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.4.8.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.4.8.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.4.8.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.4.8.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.4.8.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.4.9. North Africa

14.4.9.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.4.9.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.4.9.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.4.9.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.4.9.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.4.9.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.4.9.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.4.10. South Africa

14.4.10.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.4.10.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.4.10.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.4.10.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.4.10.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.4.10.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.4.10.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.4.11. Rest of MEA

14.4.11.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.4.11.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.4.11.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.4.11.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.4.11.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.4.11.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.4.11.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.5. Latin America

14.5.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.5.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.5.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.5.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.5.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.5.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.5.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.5.8. Brazil

14.5.8.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.5.8.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.5.8.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.5.8.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.5.8.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.5.8.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.5.8.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

14.5.9. Rest of LATAM

14.5.9.1. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Product (2017-2030)

14.5.9.2. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type (2017-2030)

14.5.9.3. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Type of Cell (2017-2030)

14.5.9.4. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Molecule Type (2017-2030)

14.5.9.5. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Application (2017-2030)

14.5.9.6. Market Revenue and Forecast, by Usage Type (2017-2030)

14.5.9.7. Market Revenue and Forecast, by End-Use (2017-2030)

Chapter 15. Company Profiles

15.1. ABEC Inc.

15.1.1. Company Overview

15.1.2. Product Offerings

15.1.3. Financial Performance

15.1.4. Recent Initiatives

15.2. Able Corporation & Biott Corporation (Japan)

15.2.1. Company Overview

15.2.2. Product Offerings

15.2.3. Financial Performance

15.2.4. Recent Initiatives

15.3. Applikon Biotechnology B.V.

15.3.1. Company Overview

15.3.2. Product Offerings

15.3.3. Financial Performance

15.3.4. Recent Initiatives

15.4. Aptus bioreactors.

15.4.1. Company Overview

15.4.2. Product Offerings

15.4.3. Financial Performance

15.4.4. Recent Initiatives

15.5 Cell culture company

15.5.1. Company Overview

15.5.2. Product Offerings

15.5.3. Financial Performance

15.5.4. Recent Initiatives

15.6. Cellexus Ltd

15.6.1. Company Overview

15.6.2. Product Offerings

15.6.3. Financial Performance

15.6.4. Recent Initiatives

15.7. Celltainer Biotech BV (Netherlands)

15.7.1. Company Overview

15.7.2. Product Offerings

15.7.3. Financial Performance

15.7.4. Recent Initiatives

15.8. CESCO Bioengineering Co., Ltd.

15.8.1. Company Overview

15.8.2. Product Offerings

15.8.3. Financial Performance

15.8.4. Recent Initiatives

15.9. Danaher Corporation

15.9.1. Company Overview

15.9.2. Product Offerings

15.9.3. Financial Performance

15.9.4. Recent Initiatives

15.10. Distek Inc. (US)

15.10.1. Company Overview

15.10.2. Product Offerings

15.10.3. Financial Performance

15.10.4. Recent Initiatives

Chapter 16. Research Methodology

16.1. Primary Research

16.2. Secondary Research

16.3. Assumptions

Chapter 17. Appendix

17.1. About Us

17.2. Glossary of Terms

Why should you invest in this report?

If you are aiming to enter the global single-use bioreactors market, this report is a comprehensive guide that provides crystal clear insights into this niche market. All the major application areas for single-use bioreactors are covered in this report and information is given on the important regions of the world where this market is likely to boom during the forecast period of 2022-2030 so that you can plan your strategies to enter this market accordingly.

Besides, through this report, you can have a complete grasp of the level of competition you will be facing in this hugely competitive market and if you are an established player in this market already, this report will help you gauge the strategies that your competitors have adopted to stay as market leaders in this market. For new entrants to this market, the voluminous data provided in this report is invaluable.

Request a Sample Copy of This Report @https://www.precedenceresearch.com/sample/2308

Contact Us:

Mr. Alex

Sales Manager

Call: +1 9197 992 333

Email: sales@precedenceresearch.com

Web: https://www.precedenceresearch.com

Prathamesh

I have completed my education in Bachelors in Computer Application. A focused learner having a keen interest in the field of digital marketing, SEO, SMM, and Google Analytics enthusiastic to learn new things along with building leadership skills.

View all posts by Prathamesh →

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *